Attaches to a classification of the types of crimes of international criminal law: crimes against peace (preparation, initiation and waging of a war of aggression). War crimes (grave breaches of the law of war committed during an international armed conflict) Crimes Against Humanity (serious offenses against life, physical integrity, freedom or human dignity committed with the support of state power. against a person or group of persons belonging to a culture, race, religion, nationality, political conviction or determined).

The history of International Criminal Law I go back to school natural law of Francisco Vitoria, Francisco Suarez, Hugo Grotius, or the attempt to extradite the Kaiser Wilhelm II by the Treaty of Versailles, after World War II, the Tribunals of Nuremberg and Tokyo, but after the Member States of the United Nations has developed a truly international criminal law.
After the First World War, is when there is the creation of a truly international criminal tribunal to prosecute those responsible for crimes committed during the conflict. This is provided for the Seventh Part of the Versailles Treaty of 1919 to try the Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany but the Netherlands offered asylum to the emperor, which frustrated the initiative.

After the Second World War, the Allied powers agreed, under the London Charter, the constitution of a court judge not only war crimes but also crimes against humanity committed under the Nazi regime. Known as The Nuremberg trials began on November 20, 1945, and ruled on September 30 and October 1, 1946. It also created a similar tribunal for Japanese war crimes, the International Military Tribunal for the Far East, which operated between 1946 and 1948.

The Nuremberg Trials or, alternatively, the Nuremberg Trials were a series of judicial processes undertaken at the initiative of the victorious allied nations at the end of World War II, which were determined and enacted the responsibilities of leadership, image of the bench officials and employees charged in the main Nuremberg Process. On the left, from top to bottom: the Nazi regime of Adolf Hermann Goering, Rudolf Hess, Hitler in various crimes and Joachim von Ribbentrop, Wilhelm Keitel. On the right, from top to bottom: abuses committed in the III Karl Doenitz, Erich Raeder, Baldur von Schirach, Fritz Sauckel. German Reich as of September 1, 1939.

Four were the crimes imputed to the accused: 3. War crimes, the existence of murder, torture and rape, acts contrary to the Laws of War. 5. Crimes against humanity, when faced extermination and mass death. 7. Genocide, was killed when an entire ethnic group. 9. War of aggression on the basis of premeditation to disrupt the peace and as the process to undermine the internal security of a sovereign state.

International tribunals are created by an international body, according to procedures of public international law. The International Criminal Court, its Statute was adopted at the Diplomatic Conference of Plenipotentiaries of the United Nations held in Rome in 1998. – Courts are judging individuals. In this sense, only have jurisdiction in cases where it becomes necessary to determine individual responsibility for the subjects who participated in the contexts of violence or engage in some of the crimes under the Statute of the International Criminal Court. – Courts are competent to determine the criminal liability of persons subject to its jurisdiction by imposing the respective prison sentences, taking into account the seriousness of the offense and the defendant’s personal situation. – Courts are independent in the exercise of their judicial functions are not subordinated to the organs or assemblies decided its creation or approved its Statute. – Are collegiate courts, since they are composed of several judges.

The area of ??law that addresses the issue of international criminal tribunals is international criminal law, whose object of study is the rules relating to the offenses at the international and international courts with jurisdiction to determine responsibility for the commission of these crimes and to establish appropriate sanctions also aspects that are established by international instruments of conventional character. For this reason, the study of international criminal courts is required to use concepts and institutions of Criminal Law and International Law. Currently, the highest court in this area is the International Criminal Court, but there are other ad hoc tribunals established. Some are exclusively international in character, such as the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia or the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda. Others are hybrids and are composed of both national and international judges. This is the case of the Extraordinary Chamber the Courts of Cambodia, which investigates crimes in Democratic Kampuchea, or the Special Court for Sierra Leone, responsible for prosecuting crimes committed during the civil war.

Legal Nature of the International Criminal Court, refers itself to the principle of complementarity which is attributed to this body, the legal nature of the court refers to the jurisdiction that has this on the countries with which it has signed. The Court is not bound to replace or to undermine the national systems of justice when they can function properly
• Genocide • Crimes against humanity, including acts described as murder, extermination, deportation or forcible displacement, imprisonment, torture, rape, enforced prostitution, enforced sterilization, persecution on political, religious, ideological, racial, ethnic or other defined specifically, forced disappearance or otherwise. • War crimes consisting in violation of international humanitarian law, particularly the Geneva Conventions or other international conventions and customary law exists in this regard. • Crime of Aggression There are also a number of transnational crimes that are not covered by international criminal law, such as those listed below: • Contraband • Human trafficking • Arms trafficking •

Drug trafficking • money laundering

1. The Chair: It comprises the President, the First and Second Vice Presidents, who are elected by absolute majority of the judges for a renewable term of three years. 2. Chambers: There are three divisions in the Court: Appellate Division, Trial Division Pre-trial Division 3. The Office: The mandate of this Office is conducting investigations and prosecution of crimes falling within the jurisdiction of the Court 4. The Secretariat is the body responsible for the judicial aspects of court management and servicing (translation, finance, personnel and other exclusive services to an international court) l.
1. The Court shall apply: a) First, this Statute, Elements of Crimes and its Rules of Procedure and Evidence; b) Secondly, when appropriate, applicable treaties and principles and norms of international law, including established principles of international law of armed conflict; c) Failing that, general principles of law derived by the Court from national laws of the world’s legal systems, including, where appropriate, the internal law of States that would normally exercise jurisdiction over the crime, provided that those principles are not inconsistent with this Statute and with international law and standards and internationally recognized principles.
2. The Court may apply principles and rules of law of which he has interpreted in its previous decisions.
3. The application and interpretation of law pursuant to this Article shall be consistent with internationally recognized human rights, without any adverse distinction founded on grounds such as gender as defined in paragraph 3 of Article 7, age, race, color, religion or belief, political or other opinion, national, ethnic or social origin, property, birth or other status.

Start of activity by the Prosecutor Knowledge Admission If you start the investigation and notify all States refer the matter not from the state archives were collected for the fiscal budgets of law to impute the case be referred by the Council Start the UN Security phase of the trial of Office of the Prosecutor Not Guilty If Sentencing of imprisonment or fine or 2.

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“I ask for punishment for fraud because I understand that criminal law does not protect the unwary,” said the prosecutor in the trial of the “Father Angel” Picassent . And that is: no matter how bloody that we feel these cases (and some are), the fact is that our courts have long been clear that:

In these cases, it is generally believed that the deception is so crass and unacceptable is inidóneo to erect the foundation of a crime of fraud.

Given that that sentence meant nothing less than the assembly of a healer who plucked a couple of brothers claimed they could cure metastatic liver cancer who suffered his father, we can well imagine what will happen in cases of far less gravity.

As for the rules of consumer protection, does not allow us much hope. The program may Sandro King, remember, is really just a way to attract customers for telephone service with additional charges . In concrete numbers beginning with 806, which are reserved for the ” leisure and entertainment services.”

The relevant regulations requires operators of these services must strictly follow the rules set out in its Code of Conduct, to the extent that the breach could result in the termination of service.

The Code of Conduct states that the premium rate services should not, among other things

Be misleading as a result of its inaccuracy, ambiguity, exaggeration, omission or otherwise.
Induce an unacceptable state of anxiety or fear, or exploit situations of need.
Inducing or encouraging any person to engage in dangerous risk or jeopardize the health or mental balance.
Contain false or outdated.

Well, if we get picky, it is difficult to erroneous conclusions about the inaccuracy of the predictions of Sandro King , but otherwise appears that the individual takes advantage of the lady’s concern for the health of her granddaughter and induced to engage in a practice attempt against health (no less than treat Crohn’s disease with homeopathy). And when it comes to misinformation, I think it will require further explanation.

But it is not so simple. For starters, it would be quite difficult to admit a complaint from someone other than the person directly harmed by these events, an association of consumers and users (which, with some exceptions, are not just for the work) or government ( for which, unfortunately, there can be no talk of exceptions, no nothing). The complaint, moreover, would be studied by the grandly named Commission for the Supervision of Premium Rate Services , an organization that does not stand out precisely because of their agility and force. And finally, the holders of the service always possible to argue that these things are what they expect in the content services esoteric astrology, divination, fortune telling and / or predicting the future by other means that are expressly recognized as a form of premium rate services.

And if this applies to more specific and therefore closer to the problem on general rules and not tell them.

What’s left? Well, the truth, not much. Of course, the authorities continue to try to take this issue seriously and end the impunity of those charlatans. From Skeptic Circle , for example, at the time that we get some of our requests on this subject were undertaken by the Council of Consumers and Users in its claims on the transposition into Spanish law of Directive 2005/29/EC. And sometimes our public reports, our letters to the media and pressure our government agencies have made ??the occasional victory over quackery.

But we also, especially the outreach. In the Judgement we cited above, the Supreme Court said that it is necessary to take into account the degree of knowledge through a society that, as in this case, already living in the XXI century. The average citizen of our society, has a level of information about these diseases and their characteristics, which can hardly rational trust claim paranormal powers.

Surely the Supreme Court Justices are not set in astrology sections of newspapers, have not seen the shelves of kiosks full of Beyond , Enigmas and Discovery DSalud not have any radio station, public or private, for one night a weekend, and have seen some late-night TV networks such as Four or La Sexta.

Unfortunately, the average citizen of our society is surrounded by false information, stories of vendors of smoke and charlatans willing, as we have seen, “guess” their health and recommend the services of other charlatans. And against this, the best we can do is keep putting them in evidence, continue to denounce publicly fraud and continue to promote critical thinking.

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• Any other offense.
· Defence in criminal proceedings.
· Defence trials jury.
· Defence in juvenile cases.
· Assistance to the detainee to the police and the courts.
· Criminal Indictment: complaints and quarrels.
· particular Indictment Indictment popular.
· Request for parole.
· Request for pardons.
· Application third grade prison.
· Application for parole.
· Assistance to Courts: Trial Courts, Criminal Courts, Provincial Courts, Superior Courts, Court Jury, Court, Supreme Court and Constitutional Court.

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Fundamentally, human rights law and international humanitarian law or the law of armed conflict as part of international law governing the protection of individuals against abuse of power and international subjects’ behavior in case of war or under the same, establish a system to ensure compliance effectiveness, so that the violation of its rules is an unlawful act or unlawful, that produces or generates a responsibility, and, where appropriate, the imposition of a penalty.

However, the existence of international criminal courts does not absolve states of their primary duty to exercise criminal jurisdiction over those responsible for international crimes, killing? Culture of impunity?.

Both the four Conventions of 1949 (art. 1) and Protocol I of 1977 (art. 1.1) sets out the commitment of States Parties to respect and enforce its provisions in all circumstances.

The four Conventions of 1949 provide a very precise obligation by States parties: the? Take appropriate legislative measures necessary to provide effective penal sanctions to be applied to persons committing, or ordering to be committed, any serious infringement ‘against the agreements.

Professional application
It aims to provide participants general knowledge about the system that is based International Criminal Justice, providing essential knowledge for those working or intending to work in the future in the field of international relations, the practice of law and international criminal law or of international cooperation.

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The elimination of economic and political barriers in certain groups of countries, the European Union is one example, has contributed to the traditional understanding of new forms of criminality has been overtaken and express other needs to address complex situations.

It notes that, until recently, companies essentially moderated their coexistence under its law. In large parts of the world still goes from relatively simple societies can be arranged with the basic commands of his law-still-is absolutely essential to modern societies with other requirements.

The orderly adjustment of a new International Criminal Law makes setting up new possibilities for cooperation between countries and proposals are structured unit-still-partial success with the pretense of a commitment between the undeniably important for stability and international security and to achieve a certain world peace.

If you always criminal organizations have taken advantage of the technological achievements in our time this situation has worsened and requires an understanding of new legal instruments that allow sharing. The current reality of our modern societies glimpse in the near future will increase the punitive legislation worldwide comparable.

In recent times appears strongly the urgent need for instruments from the perspective of criminal law to cater to these commitments among states, matching process and provide solutions to common problems: organized crime, war crimes, local terrorism and global migration phenomena and new forms of slavery, cyber crime, punishable acts of racism.

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The court, however, concludes that in this case it has violated two provisions of the Constitution with regard to criminal law (not being prosecuted for not constituting a crime) and the employer’s right to effective judicial protection.

The TC believes that the determination of whether the business entity Heritage 2000 was whether or not fiscal transparency regime (i.e., excluded from taxation for corporate income tax) is crucial for the purposes of a criminal conviction.

At this point, concludes that as the company had no activity of any kind, lacked the physical administrative structure and personnel, the only viable solution is to consider it in the system of fiscal transparency.

“The resolutions concerned (number 21 of the Criminal Court of Madrid and the audience) have been limited to condemn those who, as ‘owner’ of the business, has left to join a tribute not only bypassing the erroneous action of the Administration in qualifying tax situation, if no sense of ownership to a possible requirement of state action to regulate the taxation of partners that could be attributed to any taxable income of the company to check, “says the statement.

In short, both the refusal of the Criminal Court of Madrid number 21 the application to the 2000 SL Heritage institution of fiscal transparency regime, like the Seventeenth Section of the Provincial Court of Madrid “are based on an argument that illogical in the absence of the necessary chain of coherence between the decision and the content of the legal system that integrates the criminal review.” This leads to the cancellation of both resolutions.

As regards the penalty for non-payment of VAT, the Constitution states that condemned “the Pocero” for the conduct of “leave to enter, but by no means by “cheat” because he did not attend the necessary element of” had intent to deceive required for the offenseThe shortfall in revenue to the Treasury cannot be considered sufficient grounds to consider consummate the crime of fraud,” added the statement.

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The resolution states violated the right to effective judicial protection (art. 24, 2 of the Constitution) and criminal law (Article 25.1) of the appellant, thereby nullifying both the ruling of the Provincial Court of Madrid as originally issued this case by the Criminal Court No. 21 of the capital.

As stated in the resolution “Pocero” was subjected to an inspection in connection with the 2000 SL Heritage institution for corporate taxes on income of natural persons, on economic activities and value added for exercises 1992, 1993 and 1994.

The background to the statement detailing the tax inspection concluded that Hernandez, the sole director of this company, submitted statements for the years 1992 and 1993 in relation to income tax and VAT without making any revenue, not corresponding quantities reported by operations with those actually made. ”

The case went to the Criminal Court of Madrid number 21, which in 2004 condemned “the Pocero” to 4 years in prison as the author of four offenses against the Treasury and a fine of 1,168,700.04 Euros, EUR 937,576.34 EUR 767,173.50 and the loss of the possibility of public subsidies or loan officer, and entitled to benefits or tax incentives for 5 years.

He was also sentenced to pay compensation to the Treasury as “direct civil responsibility” at 1,944,435, 14 Euros. Three years later, the Madrid Provincial Court partially upheld the appeal of Hernando in the sense set in Euros 1,994.388,39 the principal amount of the liability.

The Court felt that Patrimonial 2000 SL was a “pipe dream or shelter society”, i.e. “a mere facade corporate governance structure that lacked physical, or personnel, bookkeeping and computer books not by current legislation “, and lacked sufficient infrastructure to carry out construction.

The work was carried out Horpavisa society, as established at the time the Court of Madrid, which concluded that Heritage 2000 was to be used for the indirect financing of the first and as a tool for the parent company (Horpavisa) could freely of goods that had been in their heritage and were contributed to it. “

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* He explained that currently, the application of criminal law is approached as an inverted pyramid. Be located above the widest part, or the judicial power in the right half and in the narrowest part, the tip, is the interest of the victim. And this group proposed that the pyramid is reversed, and the widest part and important is the interest of the victim.

There is much to be done.

Ignorance to clarify, electioneering and morbidity to cut / remove, exaggerations to put into perspective and bold steps, though politically incorrect, to give.

Platform and other rights are possible and are doing this. Now it is necessary for society to want to face the reality that prison is not like under the carpet, the place where we hide everything that disturbs us rather than seeking solutions.

We are in time of change and deep cleaning every one of the sectors and fields. Nobody is going to deliver: education, medicine, politics, economics, religion, art, breeding, industry, food, …

The judicial system is compromised (The Country). We talked about the New Consciousness in the Bar, and now new life in the criminal law.

The prison is neither the only nor the best social systems of conflict resolution and while that’s not managed positively, NOT a better world is possible.

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The Platform calls for an informed and calm debate on imprisonment and punishment, and thus seek to remove the false myths created around the criminal justice system who are these 13, each of which is explained in depth here:

1. The myth “the Spanish penal system is a benevolent system,” a “is the most repressive in Europe”

2. The myth “the life sentence does not exist in Spain: implántese” to “there are in fact life sentences in the Spanish State and, in some cases by the inability of this review, is stricter than other states that do have it in their Codes ”

3. The assumption that “the profile of the average prisoner is highly dangerous” to “prisoners, mostly are not in prison for committing serious or violent crimes”

4. The myth “prisons are institutions comfortable and secure” a “are spaces in which death is a constant presence”

5. The myth of the “existence of a direct correlation between increased crime and the number of prisoners,” the disconnect between the number of criminal offenses and the increase of people in prison ”

6. The myth “offenses are an expression of human freedom, a free individual decision by each one must pay” to “a large majority of them have a direct link with social exclusion”

7. The myth “the criminal justice system to protect victims”, to “the criminal justice system keeps on suffering without offering different possibilities of repairing the damage”

8. The myth “the penalties are met in a small part” to “are met in full and the vast majority of people do within the prison compound in the ordinary regime”

9. The myth “permits should be limited by the insecurity generated” to “exit permits are a necessary part of rehabilitation, humanizing and low risk”

10. The myth “the law of the child has generated impunity for minors, it is very soft and does not punish,” to “criminal action on over 14 years and under 18 is higher than that of the adults and even punishable by imprisonment and harsh penalties ”

11. From Myth “called efficiency of the penal system” to “the apparent inability of the criminal justice system for the satisfactory resolution of conflicts”

12. The myth “enter through a door and out the other” to “many enter prison even without being judged”

13. Budget “offenders are, in general, people without morals and compassion,” a “in more cases than we think, have feelings of regret and be willing to repair the damage caused”

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“Spain has a much lower crime rate than the European average (in the United Kingdom doubled ours) and a downward trend in crime for 20 years. However, 90% of citizens believe the country is becoming more dangerous and a higher percentage of prisoners than any other European country: the figure has increased fourfold in 30 years ”

“Society seems to believe that the prison is full of very dangerous criminals, but not true. The vast majority are imprisoned for drug offenses or against property. The prison should be used when really necessary. Not valid for all ”

“The prison is hard. Society is not aware of what it means to be imprisoned, it is a vital devastation ”

“Spain has to consider effective alternatives to prison, with experts and so quiet. There can be no more prisoners in our jails ”
Carlos Rios Julian Martin, a professor at the University of Comillas, criminal law expert and author of book

“Revenge or reintegration? How do we ensure the provision of justice? Do we need a collective reflection, serious and serene on the role of prisons, the reasons for their overbooking and type of convictions?

Of course, in a country with an uncontrolled expansion of the penal system, with few but very serious crimes based on media coverage that create alarm morbid social and political pressure on legislators, and public demonstrations clamoring for tougher sentences, chains sentences and to the gallows, there is clearly fertile ground for an initiative such as the Platform Other Criminal Law Is Possible to see the light.

More temperance rather stick to reality, more technical and less blind fits of rage are the essential ingredients for reform and clean prisons and criminal law. And this cleansing and renewal is underway.

Judges, prosecutors, law professors, teachers, lawyers, psychiatrists, doctors, sociologists, institutions, organizations and ordinary citizens, increase the list to join the Platform is Possible Another Criminal Law which aims to report the problems and shortcomings of Spanish prison system performance and “humanized, creating a criminal law that creates the least possible personal violence, to ensure respect for fundamental rights and protect the legitimate interests of repair material and emotional support to victims.”

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  Criminal Law Concept : General Concept Coauthorship believe it when a crime is carried out jointly by two or more people sharing mutual agreement between all the domain of fact. The crime is th...